Translation and Notes
for reference
神话和神话学
简单地说，神话是一种故事，它表现人的最深的感情和体验。远古或原始时期的人创造神话来解释那些思维较缜密的人用科学、心理学、或神学等学科来解释的事情。例如，神话能解释自然界中发生的事情，如季节的周期或星座的形状。或者它能具体体现复杂的人际关系，如孩子和双亲之间的关系或男女之间的关系。或者它能面对较形而上学的问题，如诸神的举止、人的生命中天意的作用、或人死后会怎样。因此，大卫·黎明把神话描写为“对‘未知的事情’作隐喻性的、象征性的、或直接的表达”。
几个关于神话的错误看法需要加以澄清。一是神话是古希腊和古罗马人的唯一财产。虽然我们或许对希腊神话和罗马神话非常熟悉，但是神话在各个时期是全世界所有的人共有的。
另一错误看法（这一点较严肃）是，神话是“童话故事”，这些故事事实上是没有依据的，因此可能是不足信的。什么都不能远离真理。与其说神话是不实之辞，还不如说神话是真理的本质，是人的普遍经验的反映，它表面上容忍了时间和地方的限制。对任何神话作肤浅的研究，你会发现它所含的基本真理。与神话是非真理这一看法近似的观点是认为我们已“长大而不” 需要神话了，并认为它们是一种过时的古代文明的遗留物，或许对一些专家来说是有趣的但对先进的科技社会来说几乎是没多价值的。恰恰相反，正如我们所知的那样，神话是人类存在的基本依据。就象人类所关心的事情是真的一样，神话也同样是真的。我们不能响应和赏识神话的要素，我们就非常有可能变成机械呆板不动脑筋的人，失去了所有使我们成为独特的人和真实的人的东西。事实上，已失去鉴赏神话的能力的社会可能会被说成已失去灵魂的社会。
让我们更仔细地看看神话以弄明白为什么这是真的。首先，神话，象梦一样，可以看作是精神上的逃避阀。事实上，神话一直被称为不同人种所做的梦。我们大多数人都做过各种各样的梦，在有的梦中我们正被追赶着并成功地逃脱了；在有的梦中我们正为一场我们或赢（或输）的竞赛而忙碌着；在有的梦中我们正在寻找某种很有价值的东西；或者在有的梦中我们遭遇到了使我们有生命危险的事情。同样地，大多数的社会都有神话，它们就象梦表达了个人的害怕或愿望一样表达了一群人的害怕或愿望。正象一个人如果被剥夺了促使睡眠的梦境就可能患精神病一样，已失去创造神话的能力的社会就有可能走向自我毁灭。
深埋在我们个人的潜意识中是我们那所谓的“集体潜意识”或种族的记忆：即对我们没有亲自经历的某些事件模模糊糊不熟悉。虽然心理学家对这一现象的起源或起因有不同的看法，但是当给我们某些话题，图象，或动作的模式时我们会有情绪上的变化，这是真实的。这些被称为原始模型的话题无论何时被我们遇见似乎都会“触动”那根认知的“弦”。童话故事、民间传说、幻想、以及伟大的文学著作常常使用原始模型。然而，如果我们不曾接受训练去如何找到它们，那么我们通常就不会注意到它们的存在；我们只知道我们“喜欢这作品并似乎在情绪上被它所吸引”。(象J.R.R. Tlokein作品中的星球大战等一些电影很受欢迎部分可能是因为这些电影中包括了原型的话题。) 既然所有的神话实际上都给我们提供一种或另一种形式的原始模型，我们再一次看到神话与我们的日常生活是戚戚相关的。
现在我们可能会从总的转到具体的，并检查一个特定的模式，这模式或许是所有的原始模型中最基本和最普遍的。这模式被称为“单个神话”是因为它反映的是人的经历中单一的、必不可少的、包含内容很广的一种模式。单个神话的核心部分可能是通过分离、开始实施、和回归这一公式表达出来的。史诗英雄如奥德修斯，特洛伊战争中的勇士，和但丁全都遵循这一模式。而且，我们自己的生命，如果我们仔细检查一下，通常全部或部分地象单个神话的模式。(我们离开熟悉的家园，去上大学，到大城市去，去打仗，最后回来，我们的经历改变了我们。)个人生命的模式与全世界的神话合并为一。
尽管我们自己的生命可能耗尽单个神话，但正是神话中的英雄最好地表达了原型冒险家的生命历程中及以外的经历。约瑟夫·坎贝尔把神话中的英雄描写成一个能探险归来并“能施恩惠于其伙伴”的人。这英雄的行程可以分成八个阶段，它们是该英雄生命中最重要的神话事件，并在心理水平上和各人成长过程中的某些有重要意义的时期相一致。第一个这样的事件是出生，尽管我们一出生就各自开始自己的生活，但该英雄的出生一般是极度神奇的或极度不平常的。他或她可能是一神奇观念的产物，这观念来自于凡人和神的结合，如海伦的出生就是宙斯装扮成天鹅强奸了勒达。或者，他可能在他出生后不久经历了某种奇怪的事情，如被弄丢了或被他的亲生父母抛弃了却被野兽哺养长大（罗穆卢斯就是这样）或象俄狄浦斯那样被救并被收养了，第二阶段儿童时期和青少年时期也是以通常的事件来表示的。英雄可能是极其强壮或聪明，他那伟大的功绩或智慧使年长于他的人惊诧不已。他的一举一动也经常是由宣布他的特殊性质的一种神圣的标记来表示的。或者如果英雄就他自己的力量和技能来说是较“正常的”，他可能有一路上给他帮助的特殊的“保护者” 或护身符。不管怎样，儿童时期是开始的第一阶段，在这阶段孩子必须面对并掌握一种超常的力量或在精神上得到慰藉放心地继续前进到下一阶段。
一但他顺利地通过了开始阶段，英雄接着就隐退一段时间为下一个活跃的阶段做准备。他的隐退阶段通常是一个进行沉思的消极被动的阶段，一个审视自己并认识到自己的独特身份或使命的阶段。矛盾的是，英雄必须失去自己才能找到自己。然后,他振作精神，准备回到现实世界中去开始进行那些伟大的任务。英雄常常在其隐退期间会受到“现实世界”中的某一代表人物（通常是魔鬼）的诱惑。这对圣人(如圣人安东尼)或宗教人物(如耶稣和佛)来说是特别真实的。在古典神话中隐退可能是下到阴曹地府，从象征意义上来说，是对隐秘的心灵深处的一次探寻。例如，有人已指出在《奥德赛》第十一册书中写的奥德修斯下到阴曹地府从诗歌所描写的动作来说是没必要的；仅此一次，英雄无所事事。他仅仅是看和问问题，与柯克后来提供的指示相比，提瑞西阿斯给他的指示不是很清楚明了的。但是奥德修斯需要阴曹地府提供给的视野；他必须在他能面对未来（对追求者的杀戮）之前面对他的过去（他的母亲，在特洛伊之战中死去的他的战友）。特洛伊战争中的勇士也可能一样，必须在阴间想象罗马未来的荣耀才能有准备地去忍耐由战争和殖民地化所带来的苦难。
第四阶段包括劳动或寻求。这代表完全成熟的活跃期。在这一阶段，象赫拉克勒斯，阿基里斯，Thseus一样的英雄会做出伟大的壮举；或者象奥德修斯，辛巴德，詹森一样的英雄会去旅行。就象他在前一阶段要面对和克服内在因素一样，他必须面对并克服生活中的外在因素，第四阶段一结束，第五阶段——死亡就开始了。有人会认为这将终结整个过程，但是对神话中的英雄来说，死亡，象出生一样，是非同寻常的。在某种意义上，他在第四阶段的劳作完全延续到第五阶段，因为在这阶段他必须面对身体的死亡这一最大的敌人。神话中的英雄因而变成了替罪羊，替所有的人忍受死亡。在代别人经历死亡的时候，我们也死了，这样他在心理上减轻了我们的害怕和忧虑。他的死常常是极端可怕的，包括身体上的巨大痛苦或彻底的毁灭及恢复生机的特性；他常常被肢解或遭阉割。在第六阶段英雄在他下到阴曹地府时继续着他作为探求者和替罪羊的角色。在心理上，他代表着我们每一个要揭开死亡的神秘面纱并弄懂它的欲望。他必须与死亡的力量作斗争并战胜它们。矛盾的是，下到阴曹地府使再生有了希望；死亡和生育是实际上分不开的，因此在神话中死亡之后接着就是再生。然后第七脚步就是复活，即英雄从阴间归来。他又一次在心理上代表着我们要去征服的欲望，他胜利的时候，也就是我们替别人经历胜利的时候。然而，英雄是非同寻常的，因为他给自己带来一种礼物，一种知识，一种他能分与其他人分享并具有深远影响的“恩惠”。他的冒险使许多人的生命发生了改变。因而在最后阶段英雄的真正的独特性就显而易见了。他超越他作为“普通人”的角色，作为人性的代表的角色，变得不再象人；也就是说，他变成神了。他升入天堂，与母性女神结合，和父性创造者一起赎罪，或神化，把自己变成神。我们可以从心理学上来解释这最后一步，我们会说，人类在处理了出生，童年，青少年，和成熟这些问题并经历了生存所需的内在和外在的考验之后最终转到去面对神秘的未知世界。
因为神话学表达的是人类的基本的能力、害怕、和渴望，因此它是至关重要的。正如卡尔·琼所写的：“只有当我们弄懂了这些符号我们才有可能生活得最充实；智慧就是回复到这些符号。这既不是信任的问题也不是知识的问题，而是我们的思想与潜意识中的原始图象是否符合的问题。”
myth [miW] n. （1） a traditional, typically ancient story dealing with supernatural beings, ancestors, or heroes that serves as a fundamental type in the world view of a people, as by explaining aspects of the natural world or delineating the psychology, customs, or ideals of society神话（2）a story, a theme, an object, or a character regarded as embodying an aspect of a culture神话式的人物(或事物)（3）a fictitious story, person, or thing 传说；虚构的人（物）虚构的小说、人或事情eg. German artillery superiority on the Western Front was a myth. 在西方战线上，德军的大炮的优势纯属虚构。
mythic [5miWik] adj. 神话的, 虚构的
mythology [mI5WRlEdVI] n. （1）a body or collection of myths belonging to a people and addressing their origin, history, deities, ancestors, and heroes神话；神话集eg. Greek mythology 希腊神话 （2）the field of scholarship dealing with the systematic collection and study of myths神话学
represent [reprI5zent] vt. （1）to describe or present in words; portray表现；描写；描画eg. This painting represents a storm.这幅画描绘暴风雨。（2）to stand for; symbolize 代表；象征eg. The bald eagle represents the United States. 秃鹰象征了美国。We chose a committee to represent us. 我们选出一个委员会来代表我们。（3）to serve as an example of 作为示范作为…的例子eg. The museum had several paintings representing the artist's early style.博物馆藏有几幅代表这个艺术家早期风格的油画。
representative [reprI5zentEtIv] adj. （1）典型的；代表性的 (2)有代表性的eg. a representative collection of ancient Greek art 古希腊艺术代表作品集
n. （与of连用）代表； 代理人eg. a representative of a company 公司的代表 The representatives were all amazed by what had happened in the factory. 代表们听了这个工厂里发生的事都感到惊愕。
primitive [5prImItIv] adj. （1）of or relating to an earliest or original stage or state; primeval原始的；远古的eg. Primitive men lived in caves. 原始人住在山洞里。Primitive man made tools from sharp stones and animal bones. 原始人用尖石块和动物的骨制造工具。(2) characterized by simplicity or crudity; unsophisticated简陋的；简单的eg. The native of that region still live in primitive straw huts. 那个地区的居民依然住在简陋的茅草屋里。Small seashells were once used as a primitive kind of money. 小贝壳曾经被用作简单的钱币。
sophisticated [sE5fIstIkeItId] adj. （1）having or showing much worldly knowledge and experience富有经验的；老练的，练达的eg. a sophisticated girl 一个老于世故的女孩子 a sophisticated columnist 老练的专栏作家 （2）very complex or complicated; subtle; elaborate
非常尖端的；精密复杂的eg. the latest and most sophisticated technology 最新最尖端的技术: sophisticated modern weapons 复杂的现代武器 sophisticated music 矫揉造作的音乐 a sophisticated discussion 高深的讨论
discipline [5dIsIplIn] n. (1) a branch of knowledge or teaching 学科；科目 (2) control obtained by enforcing compliance or order; a systematic method to obtain obedience纪律；风纪；命令；服从eg. The soldiers showed perfect discipline under the fire of the enemy. 在敌人的炮火下，那些士兵显示了良好的纪律。a military discipline 军纪 (3) punishment intended to correct or train惩戒；惩罚
psychology [sai5kClEdVi] n. the science that deals with mental processes and behavior; the emotional and behavioral characteristics of an individual, a group, or an activity心理学, 心理状态eg. criminal psychology 犯罪心理学 The professor is a specialist of studying a criminal's psychology. 这位教授是位研究罪犯心理的专家。
psychologically [9psaIkE`lCdVIkElI] adv. 心理上; 从心理(学)角度; 从心理学的观点
psychologist [psaI`kClEdVIst] n. a person trained and educated to perform psychological research, testing, and therapy 心理学者
theology [Wi5ClEdVi] n. the study of the nature of God and religious truth; rational inquiry into religious questions神学；宗教学
occurrence [E5kQrEns] n. the act or an instance of occurring; something that takes place发生, 出现, 事件, 发生的事情eg. daily occurrences 日常发生的事 be of frequent [rare] occurrence 是常[少]有的 make allowance for unfavourable occurrences 留有余地 random occurrence 随机事件
Comparison: occurrence, happening, event, incident, episode, circumstance These nouns all refer to something that takes place or comes to pass. Occurrence and happening are the most general：an everyday occurrence 日常之事；a happening of no great importance没有重大意义的事情 Event usually signifies a notable occurrence Event通常指能被注意到的事情：The events of the day are reported on the evening news. 那天的事件已在晚间新闻上作了报导。Great events make me quiet and calm; it is only trifles that irritate my nerves. 伟大的事件使我平静和从容；只有那些琐事才令我心烦。 Incident may apply to a minor occurrence Incident可用于小事情：Errors are inescapable incidents in the course of scientific research. 在科研过程中，错误是不可避免的事情。The term may also refer to a distinct event of sharp identity and significance 这个词也可以用指具有重大意义的非常事件：His debut at Carnegie Hall was the first of a succession of exciting incidents in his life. 他在卡内基音乐堂的首次登台是他生命中令人激动的事件中的第一个。An episode is an incident in the course of a progression or within a larger sequence Episode是在某一事物的发生过程中或在更大的进程中的事情：Happiness was but the occasional episode in a general drama of pain�(Thomas Hardy). “欢乐不过是普遍的苦痛过程中的一个小插曲”（托马斯·哈代）。 Circumstance in this comparison denotes a particular incident or occurrence Circumstance在这个比较中指一件特定的事情：What schoolboy of fourteen is ignorant of this remarkable circumstance? 十四岁的学生在这件值得注意的事件中会忽略掉什么呢?
configuration [kEn7fi^ju5reiFEn] n. the form, as of a figure, determined by the arrangement of its parts or elements 构造, 结构, 配置, 外形eg. aircraft configuration 飞机结构［外形］atomic configuration 原子组态［排列］circuit configuration 电路结构［构成， 图形］computer configuration 计算机配置［结构］network configuration 网络结构
constellation [kCnstE5leiFEn] n. an arbitrary formation of stars perceived as a figure or design, especially one of 88 recognized groups named after characters from classical mythology and various common animals and objects; a gathering or an assemblage, especially of prominent persons or things [天]星群，星座；灿烂的一群eg. The symposium was attended by a constellation of artists and writers. 一群才华横溢的艺术家和作家参加了讨论会
embody [im5bCdi] vt. (1) to represent in bodily or material form 具体表达，使具体化 eg. The article embodied all his opinions on the incident. 这篇文章表达了他对这一事件的全部看法。(2) to make part of a system or whole; incorporate包含，收录This book embodies all the rules. 这书把所有的规则都包括进去了。The new model of car embodies many improvements. 这种新型汽车有许多改进之处。
complicated [5kCmplikeitid] adj. (1) containing intricately combined or involved parts 复杂的, 难解的eg. a complicated machine 复杂的机器 (2) not easy to understand or analyze费解的；棘手的
confront [kEn5frQnt] vt. to come or bring face to face with, especially with defiance or hostility; to come up against; encounter （使）面对；（使）面临；遭遇；碰到；遇到eg. confronted danger at every turn 抵抗时时会发生的危险 I am confronted with many difficulties. 我面临很多困难。Only when the police confronted her with evidence did she admit that she had stolen the money. 在警察让她面对证据时她才承认偷了钱。
metaphysical [7metE5fizikEl] adj. (1) immaterial; incorporeal; supernatural非物质的；非实体的；超自然的（2）based on speculative or abstract reasoning; highly abstract or theoretical; abstruse建立在思辩或抽象的推论之上的；难理解的；极度抽象的或理论上的
symbolical [sim5bClikl] adj. of, relating to, or expressed by means of symbols or a symbol 象征的, 符号的
misconception [5miskEn5sepFEn] n. a mistaken thought, idea, or notion; a misunderstanding 误解eg. It is a misconception on your part. 这是你的误解。They had many misconceptions about the new tax program. 他们对新税制有许多误解。
dispel [dis5pel] vt. (1) to drive away or off by or as if by scattering 驱散，驱逐，使消散eg. The sun soon dispelled the thick fog over the field. 太阳很快就驱散了田野上的浓雾。(2) to rid one's mind of 消除eg. He managed to dispel my doubts. 他极力消除我的怀疑消除。The managing director's calm words dispelled the clerks' fears of being cut down. 董事长那镇定自若的话消除了员工们被裁减的忧虑。
exclusive [iks5klu:siv] adj. (1) not divided or shared with others专有的；独占的eg. This dining room is for the distinguished guests' exclusive use. 这间餐室是供贵宾专用的。exclusive publishing rights 独家版权 (2) excluding or tending to exclude 排外的, 排外的eg. exclusive barriers 排外的障碍物(3) not accompanied by others; single or sole 单独的，唯一的your exclusive function 你唯一的责任 (4) complete; undivided 完整的；不分散的 gained their exclusive attention 获得他们的全部注意力
property [5prCpEti] n. (1) something owned; a possession; something tangible or intangible to which its owner has legal title 财产，所有物eg. This car is my property. 这车是我的财产。public property 公共财产 (2) the right of ownership; title所有权 (3) a characteristic trait or peculiarity, especially one serving to define or describe its possessor性质，特性eg. Many plants have medicinal properties. 许多植物都具有药性。
fairytale [`feErIteIl] n. (1) story about fairies, magic, etc. usu. for children神话故事，童话（2）untrue or incredible story; falsehood 编造的故事，谎言eg. “Now tell me the truth; I don’t want any more of your fairy tales.” “把真相告诉我，我不想再听你胡诌了。”
discredit [dis5kredit] vt. to refuse to believe; to cause to be doubted or distrusted; to damage in reputation; disgrace 不信，怀疑，使不可置信；使丢脸eg. His reports about the war affairs in the Middle-East area have been discredited because it is realized that the reporter used false information. 这位记者写的有关中东地区战况的报导人们已经不相信了,因为大家已经认识到他使用了不真实的资料。The idea that the earth is flat has long been discredited. 地球是方的这种说法早已不为人们所相信了。
rather than --- in preference to (sb./sth.); instead of与其（某人/某物）；不愿；不是eg. I think I’ll have a cold drink rather than coffee.我想喝冷饮，不想喝咖啡。Rather than risk breaking up his marriage he told his wife everything.他惟恐婚姻破裂，把一切都告诉了妻子。
falsehood [5fC:lshJd] n. lack of conformity to truth or fact; inaccuracy; an untrue statement; a lie 谬误, 不真实, 谎言, 虚假
essence [5esns] n. (1) the intrinsic or indispensable properties that serve to characterize or identify something; the most important ingredient; the crucial element 精髓；要素eg. Time is of the essence. 时间就是生命 the essence of morality 道德的精髓 The essence of his religious teaching is love for all men. 他宣扬的宗教教义要旨是爱天下人。 (2) an extract that has the fundamental properties of a substance in concentrated form精；素eg. essence of roses 玫瑰精 Do you use coffee essence in making cakes? 你做蛋糕时用不用咖啡精?
reflection [ri5flekFEn] n. (1) mental concentration; careful consideration反省，沉思eg. do sth. without sufficient reflection 未经深思熟虑做某事After a minute's reflection, he answered. 他沉思片刻后才回答。(2) a manifestation or result 反映，显示，结果eg. Her achievements are a reflection of her courage. 她的成就是她勇气的显示 (3) a thought or an opinion resulting from such consideration 深思熟虑的想法或观点eg. reflections on the current situation 对当前形势的看法
reflect [rI5flekt] vt&i. (1) to throw or bend back (light, for example) from a surface; To form an image of (an object); mirror 反射eg. A mirror reflects a picture of you when you look in it. 当你照镜子时，镜子映出你的形象。(2) （常与that, how连用）to manifest as a result of one's actions表达；反映eg. Does this letter reflect how you really think? 这封信是否表达了你真实的想法？(3) （常与on, upon连用）to form or express carefully considered thoughts about仔细考虑eg. He reflected before answering my question. 他在回答我的问题之前仔细考虑了一下。
humanity [hju(:)5mAniti] n. (1) human beings considered as a group; the human race人类eg. This new discovery will contribute to all humanity. 这个新发现将对全人类作出贡献。(2) a humane characteristic, attribute, or act 人性 (3) the quality of being humane; benevolence博爱, 仁慈
endure [in5djuE] v. (1) to carry on through, despite hardships; undergo; to bear with tolerance 忍耐，忍受；容忍eg. I can't endure loud music. 我不能忍受音量大的音乐声。I can't endure her endless complaint a moment longer. 我一刻也忍受不了她那没完没了的抱怨。I can't endure talking to those scoundrels. 与那些无赖们交谈,我真受不了。(2) to continue in existence; last; to suffer patiently without yielding持续eg. His fame will endure for ever. 他的名望永存。 They can not endure much longer. 他们再也支持不了多久了。
scratch [skrAtF] v. (1) To rub or scrape (the skin) to relieve itching; to use the nails or claws to dig or scrape at; to scrape or strike on an abrasive surface抓；挠，搔；划eg. He scratched the insect bite on his leg (with his nails). 他（用指甲）在他腿上搔虫咬的地方。scratch a match 擦火柴 scratch where it itches 搔痒; [喻]迎合人意 scratch out a hole 挖出一个洞 That cat will scratch you with its claws. 那猫会用爪子抓你的。 (2) （常与out, off, through连用）to strike out or cancel (a word, for example) by or as if by drawing lines through刮掉，削去；擦去，删掉，划掉eg. scratch out [off] a name from a list 从名单上划去一个名字 to scratch the paint off the wall 从墙上刮下油漆
scratch the surface (of sth.) --- treat a subject or deal with a problem without being thorough对待或处理一问题不深入彻底eg. The lecturer merely scratched the surface of the subject. 演讲人仅仅抓到该题目的一点皮毛。This essay is so short that it can only scratch the surface of the topic.这篇文章很短，只能对这一话题作肤浅的探讨。The famine is so bad, aid can only scratch the surface. 饥荒十分严重，援助也只是杯水车薪。
akin [E5kIn] adj. (～ to sth.) having a similar quality or character; analogous; similar; related 性质相同的；类似的eg. He felt something akin to pity. 他感到有一种近于怜悯的感情。Pity and love are closely akin. 怜悯近乎爱。
notion [5nEuFEn] n. a belief or opinion; an idea or conception 概念, 观念, 想法, 意见, 主张eg. Keynesian notion of functional finance 凯恩斯的功能财政观念 realistic and unrealistic notions on economy 关于经济切合实际的和不切实际的想法 common notion 一般见解 I have no notion of resigning. 我没有辞职的意思。He has no notion of what I mean. 他不明白我的意思。
out-grow [aut5^rEu] vt. to grow too large for; to lose or discard in the course of maturation; to surpass in growth 过大而不适于；年久丧失(某种习惯,兴趣等)；长得比…快（或大、高）eg. The child outgrew all his clothes. 这孩子长得太快以至于穿不下他所有的衣服 She outgrew her youthful idealism. 她长大成熟后不再拥有年轻时代的幻想。Spring lambs were outgrowing the piglets. 早春羊长得比小猪快。
fossilize [5fCsilaiz] vt. to convert into a fossil; to make out of date or inflexible with time; antiquate 使成化石, 使陈腐eg. fossilized leaves成为化石的叶子old-fashioned, fossilized attitudes落后的、固定不变的看法
appreciate [E5pri:Fieit] vt. (1) to recognize the quality, significance, or magnitude of 鉴赏；欣赏；赏识eg. Do you appreciate good wine? 你会鉴赏好酒吗？I think that young children often appreciate modern pictures better than anyone else. 我认为小孩对现代图画往往比任何人都更有鉴赏力。(2) to be thankful or show gratitude for感激；感谢eg. We appreciate your efforts for the development of the company. 我们感激你对公司发展所作的努力。We greatly appreciate your timely help. 我们非常感谢你们的及时帮助。(3) to be fully aware of or sensitive to; realize察觉；意识到eg. We appreciate the danger ahead. 我们意识到危险临头。We appreciate your difficulty. 我们意识到你们的困难。
automaton [C:5tCmEtEn] n. (1) one that behaves or responds in a mechanical way; person who seems to act mechanically and without thinking机器人似的人 (2) a self-operating machine or mechanism, especially a robot自动机器, 机器人
uniquely [ju:5ni:kli] adv. 独特地,唯一地
uniqueness [ju:5ni:knis] n. 唯一性；独特性
sensibility [7sensi5biliti] n. the ability to feel or perceive; refined awareness and appreciation in matters of feeling; keen intellectual perception感受力；鉴赏力；领悟eg. the sensibility of a painter to color 画家对色彩的敏感性
psychic [5saikik] adj. of, relating to, affecting, or influenced by the human mind or psyche; mental 精神的，灵魂的，心理的eg. psychic trauma心理创伤 psychic energy心理能量
psyche [5psaiki(:)] n. the spirit or soul灵魂；精神
valve [vAlv] n. 阀；活门；气门eg. escape valve 放出阀 the valve of a bicycle-tire 自行车轮胎的气门
racial [5reiFEl] adj. 人种的, 种族的, 种族间的 eg.racial conflict; racial discrimination. 种族冲突；种族歧视
chase [tFeis] vt. to follow rapidly in order to catch or overtake; pursue 追赶, 追逐eg. chase the thief 追捕窃贼 The Johnsons' cat likes to chase the mice as if it were playing with them. 约翰逊家的猫喜欢追逐老鼠,好象它在跟它们闹着玩似的。
encounter [in5kauntE] v. to meet, especially unexpectedly; come upon 遭遇, 遇到, 相遇eg. The more dangers we encounter, the harder should we push forward. 越是艰险越向前。The young scientists encountered many difficulties during their exploration. 年轻的科学家们在探险期间遇到了许多困难。
endanger [in5deindVE] vt. to expose to harm or danger; imperil 危及，危害eg. The polluted air in the city is badly endangering the health of the residents. 城里被污染的空气正严重地危及居民的健康。
Comparison: endanger, hazard, imperil, jeopardize, risk The central meaning shared by these verbs is “to subject to danger, loss, or destruction” eg.
driving that endangers passengers' lives 危及乘客生命的驾驶
hazarded his well-being by constant smoking 由于经常抽烟而危及健康
a forest imperiled by acid rain 受酸雨威胁的森林
strikes that jeopardized the future of the business 使生意前景陷于险境的罢工
risking her financial security by buying speculative stocks 通过购买投机性股票而使她在金融方面冒风险
psychotic [sai5kCtik] adj. of, relating to, or affected by psychosis 精神错乱的；精神病的
deprive [di5praiv] vt. （常与of 连用）to take something away from；to keep from possessing or enjoying; deny 剥夺, 使丧失；拒绝，否认eg. The court ruling deprived us of any share in the inheritance. 法庭裁决剥夺了我们全部的继承权。They were deprived of a normal childhood by the war. 由于战争，他们失去了一个正常的童年时代
drift [drift] v. to proceed or move unhurriedly and smoothly (使)漂流；漂荡；漂浮eg. We drifted down the stream. 我们顺流而下。The piece of wood was drifting down the river. 这块木头在顺水漂流。
self-destruction [5selfdis5trQkFEn] n. the act or process of destroying oneself or itself; suicide 自毁，自我毁灭；自杀
unconscious [Qn5kCnFEs] n. 〈心理〉潜意识；无意识(不自觉的思想、行动等)
vague [vei^] adj. not clear in meaning or application ; not clearly expressed; inexplicit
含糊的；不清楚的；茫然的；不明确的；不确知的eg. a vague idea 模糊的想法 Through the fog we saw the vague outline of a ship. 透过雾，我们看到船的模糊轮廓。He was a little vague when I asked what had happened. 我问他出了什么事时，他一无所知。
familiarity [fE7mili5Ariti] n. considerable acquaintance with 熟悉, 通晓, 精通eg. Familiarity breeds contempt.(谚) 熟悉了就会觉得没有什么了不起。His familiarity with many rarely used languages surprised us all. 他通晓多种不常使用的外国语,这使我们大家感到惊讶。
archetype [5B:kitaip] n. (1) an original model or type after which other similar things are patterned; a prototype 原型 (2) an ideal example of a type; quintessence 典型；一种形式的理想例子；最完美的榜样eg. an archetype of the successful entrepreneur成功企业家的完美典范
archetypal [5B:kitaipEl] adj. 原型的；典型的
chord [kC:d] n. an emotional feeling or response 心弦；情感上的感受或反应eg. strike a chord 引起回忆或感情；令人想起某人或某事 touch the right chord 引起共鸣；摸透别人的心意 Her words struck a sympathetic chord in her audience. 她的话拨动了观众的心弦。
recognition [7rekE^5niFEn] n. (1) the act of recognizing or condition of being recognized 识别,认识 eg. My recognition of him was immediate.我立刻认出是他。 (2) attention or favorable notice认可,注意或赞许的注重 eg. She received recognition for her many achievements. 她的许多成就得到了认可。
legend [5ledVEnd] n. an unverified story handed down from earlier times, especially one popularly believed to be historical传说，（历史）传奇故事
fantasy [5fAntEsI] n. an imagined event or sequence of mental images, such as a daydream, usually fulfilling a wish or psychological need 空想；幻想；白日梦eg. The young man lives in a world of fantasy. 这个年青人生活在幻想的世界里。
popularity [7pCpju5lAriti] n. the quality or state of being popular, especially the state of being widely admired, accepted, or sought after 普及, 流行, 声望eg. enjoy [win] general popularity 享盛名, 受欢迎, 得众望
in part --- adv. partly; to a certain extent部分地eg. His success was due in part to luck. 他成功的部分原因是运气好。
attribute [E5trIbju:t] vt. （与to连用）to relate to a particular cause or source; ascribe 归因于；归结为eg. delays attributed to snow因下雪而耽搁 David attributed his company's success to the unity of all the staff and their persevering hard work. 大卫说他们公司之所以获得成功是由于全体员工的团结和坚持不懈努力工作的结果。
incorporation [in7kC:pE5reiFEn] n. 结合；合并eg. air incorporation 空气混合The incorporation of air bubbles in the glass spoiled it. 玻璃含有气泡, 使它质量降低。
virtually [5v\:tjJElI] adv. in fact or to all purposes; practically 事实上, 实质上eg. My book's virtually finished. 我的书实际上已写完了。The city was virtually paralyzed by the transit strike. 这个城市实际上已陷于交通运输罢工的瘫痪状态
relevance [5relivEns] n. pertinence to the matter at hand 相关性eg. bear/have some relevance to the matter in hand与要做的事情有一些关系
monomyth
= mono + myth
mono 表示“单一”之义
inclusive [in5klu:siv] adj.（常与of连用）taking a great deal or everything within its scope; comprehensive包括的；包含的eg. The monthly rent is $20 inclusive of everything. 月房租总共二十美元,包括一切费用在内。an inclusive survey of world economic affairs 世界经济情况的综合调查
formula [5fC:mjulE] n. a method of doing or treating something that relies on an established, uncontroversial model or approach定则；公式；规则；原则；方案eg. Drinking and driving is a formula for trouble. 酒后开车是引起事故的不变法则。The employers and the union leaders have agreed on an acceptable formula for wages. 雇主和工会领袖已就工资问题达成了一个可行方案。They proposed a third formula for the new swimming pool. 他们为新游泳池提出了第三种方案。
formula [5fC:mjulE]n. 公式, 规则, 客套语
initiation [i7niFi5eiFEn] n. the act or an instance of initiating 开始
epic [5epik] adj. heroic and impressive in quality 英雄的, 壮丽的eg. the epic fight of one small ship against six enemy ships 一艘小船对抗六艘敌舰的英勇战斗
resemble [ri5zembl] vt. to exhibit similarity or likeness to 象, 类似eg. She resembles her mother in the way she moves her hands when she talks. 她说话时打手势的动作像她妈妈。
merge [mE:dV] v. to combine or unite; to blend together, especially in gradual stages 合并, 并入, 结合, 吞没, 融合eg. The steel trusts merged various small businesses. 钢铁企业联合兼并了许多小企业。 All fear was merged in curiosity. 由于好奇心而忘掉了一切恐惧。
partake [pB:5teik] vt. （与of, in连用）To take or have a part or share; participate分担；吃；喝；参与eg. Will you partake of a drink with us? 和我们一同喝一杯好吗? The guests partook of a delicious dinner. 客人们分享了一顿美味的晚餐。
adventurer [Ed5ventFErE(r)] n. one that seeks adventure 冒险家
bestow [bi5stEu] vt. to present as a gift or an honor; confer 给予；赐赠eg. Several fancy gifts were bestowed on the distinguished guests. 向贵宾们赠送了几件精美的礼品。I do not deserve all the praises bestowed upon me. 我不配得到这些赞扬。 Time spent in study is well bestowed. 把时间用于学习是值得的(指善于利用时间)。
boon [bu:n] n. a benefit bestowed, especially one bestowed in response to a request; a timely blessing or benefit 恩赐；恩惠；裨益eg. Radio is a boon to the blind. 收音机对盲人来说受益匪浅。A bicycle is a real boon when you live in a small town. 住在小城镇上,有辆自行车确实极为方便。A spanking breeze is a boon to sailors. 一阵狂风是对水手们的及时恩赐
supreme [sju:5pri:m] adj. ultimate; final; greatest in power, authority, or rank; paramount or dominant; greatest in importance, degree, significance, character, or achievement
极度的，极大的；至高的，最高的；最重要的，最伟大的
correspond [kCris5pCnd] vi. (1) （与with, to连用）to be in agreement, harmony, or conformity相等；符合eg. These goods don't correspond with my order. 这些货物与我的订货单不符。The American Congress corresponds to the British Parliament. 美国国会相当于英国议会。His expenses do not correspond to his income. 他入不付出。Her job corresponds with her interests. 她的工作符合她的志趣。His actions do not correspond with his words. 他言行不一。(2) （常与with连用）to communicate by letter, usually over a period of time通信eg. to correspond with a friend 和一个朋友通信 We correspond regularly. 我们定期通信。
miraculous [mi5rAkjulEs] adj. so astounding as to suggest a miracle; phenomenal 奇迹的；奇迹般的；不可思议的eg. a miraculous recovery奇迹般的康复 a miraculous escape奇迹般地逃脱 The miraculous effect of the traditional medicine of the Chinese minorities has raised some conservative eyebrows. 中国少数民族传统医药的奇效简直使一些思想保守的人瞠目吃惊。
in the extreme --- to the highest degree; extremely极度地, 非常地eg. This is inconvenient in the extreme. 这极不方便。
conception [kEn5sepFEn] n. (1) formation of a viable zygote by the union of the male sperm and the female ovum; fertilization 受精；怀孕 (2) something conceived in the mind; a concept, plan, design, idea, or thought 观念，概念；构思，构想eg. a clear conception 清楚的概念 You have no conception at all of how difficult my life was in those days. 你根本想像不出那些日子我的生活有多艰难。Strange enough, the conception of the book took five minutes, but writing it took a whole year. 说来也怪,构思这本书只用了五分钟,但写这本书却花去了整整一年。
mortal [5mC:tl] adj. (1) of or relating to humankind; human人类的eg. the mortal limits of understanding 人类理解的极限 (2) causing death; fatal必死的, 致命的eg. a mortal wound. 致命伤口
divine [di5vain] adj. superhuman; godlike 神的, 非凡的, 超人的eg. sought divine guidance through meditation 通过冥想来寻求神的指引
disguise [dis5^aiz] v. (1) to modify the manner or appearance of in order to prevent recognition伪装；乔扮eg. He disguised himself as a woman. 他假扮成一女子。The soldiers disguised themselves by wearing white garments in the snow. 在雪地里战士们穿着白色服装把自己伪装起来。(2) to conceal or obscure by dissemblance or false show; misrepresent隐瞒；掩饰eg. It is impossible to disguise the fact that finance is bad. 财政困难这一事实是无法隐瞒的。
rape [reip] vt. （1）to force (another person) to submit to sex acts, especially sexual intercourse; commit rape on强奸 (2) to seize and carry off by force掠夺
singular [5siN^julE] adj. (1) being beyond what is ordinary or usual; remarkable非凡的，卓越的；奇特的eg. a story of singular interest 一部非常有趣的小说 (2) being the only one of a kind; unique 独一无二的；独特的eg. an event singular in history 历史上独一无二的事件 (3) being only one; individual单数的；单个的
suckle [5sQkl] vt. To cause or allow to take milk at the breast or udder; nurse; to nourish as if with the milk of the breast; nurture 喂奶；哺育，喂养
rescue [5reskju:] vt. to save （常与from连用）营救；救出eg. to rescue from the building many official papers 从大楼里抢救出许多官方文件 We rescued the boy who fell into the river. 我们救起了掉进河里的小孩。
adopt [E5dRpt] vt. (1) to take into one's family through legal means and raise as one's own child收养 (2) to take and follow (a course of action, for example) by choice or assent采取；采用eg. They adopted our methods. 他们采用了我们的办法。(3) to take up and make one's own正式通过；采纳eg. adopt a resolution unanimously 全体一致通过决议 The resolution was adopted by a vote of 180 in favour to 10 against it. 决议案以一百八十票对十票获得通过。
adolescence [9AdEJ`lesEns] n. the period of physical and psychological development from the onset of puberty to maturity 青春期(一般指成年以前由13至15的发育期)
mark up ---- 标出
precociously [pri5kEuFEsli] adv. 早熟地
amaze [E5meiz] vt. to affect with great wonder; astonish 使惊奇；使吃惊eg. Her knowledge amazes me. 她的学识令我吃惊。Visitors were amazed at the achievements in the car manufacture of the city during the past decade. 参观者对这城市过去十年中汽车制造工业的成就感到惊奇。I was amazed by the news of George's sudden death. 听到乔治突然去逝的消息,我感到惊愕。
feat [fi:t] n. (1) an act of skill, endurance, imagination, or strength; an achievement技艺；本领eg. feats of horsemanship 骑术 (2) a notable act or deed, especially an act of courage; an exploit 功绩；功劳eg. feats of bravery 勇敢的事迹
proclaim [prE5kleim] vt. to announce officially and publicly; declare 宣布；宣告；声明eg. to proclaim a law 公布一项法令 The ringing bells proclaimed the news of the birth of the prince. 钟声宣告了王子的诞生。New regulations on the wages for holiday jobs in the college were proclaimed. 宣布了大学假日期间做工工资的新规定。
in terms of ---- adv. 根据, 按照, 用...的话, 在...方面
talisman [5tAlizmEn] n. (1) an object marked with magic signs and believed to confer on its bearer supernatural powers or protection 护身符, 辟邪物 (2) something that apparently has magic power法宝eg. Beauty is sometimes a most powerful talisman. 美貌有时是一种极为强大的法宝。
superior [sju:5piEriE] adj. of great value or excellence; extraordinary 价值巨大或品质优越的；突出的
reassurance [9ri:E`FJErEns] n. 放心
pass through ---- experience (a period of time) 经过, 经历eg. She passed through a difficult period after her marriage failed. 她婚姻破裂后一度十分困难。
withdraw [wIT5drC:] v. (1) to move or draw back; retire, to remove oneself from active participation撤退；退出eg. He withdrew from the race. 他退出比赛。The army withdrew. 军队撤退了。(2) to take back or away; remove撤回；收回eg. to withdraw a remark 收回一句话(3) to remove (money) from an account取回；提取；退股eg. to withdraw $500 from a bank account 从银行提取500美元
withdrawal [wiT5drC:El] n. a retreat or retirement 收回, 撤退, 退回, 取消
phase [feiz] n. a distinct stage of development 阶段，状态eg. The American occupation of Japan fell into three successive phases. 美国占领日本的过程可以划分三个连续阶段。
meditation [medi5teiFEn] n. the act or process of meditating沉思, 冥想eg. He is deep in meditation. 他陷入沉思中。She reached her decision only after much meditation. 经过深思熟虑后, 她做出了决定。
passivity [pA5siviti] n. the condition or quality of being passive; inactivity, quiescence, or submissiveness被动；消极；不抵抗
look into --- investigate or examine调查或观察eg. A working party has been set up to look into the problem.已成立工作组调查该问题。His disappearance is being looked into by the police. 他失踪一事警方正在调查。
identity [ai5dentiti] n. 身份eg. an identity card 身分证The police are still uncertain of the murderer's identity. 警察尚未证实杀人犯的身份。He had lost his identity card and was being questioned by the police. 他遗失了身份证,正在被警察查问。
mission [5miFEn] n. a special assignment given to a person or group 使命, 任务eg. an agent on a secret mission 执行秘密任务的谍报人员He was sent to Washington on a diplomatic mission. 他被派往华盛顿，负有外交使命。
paradoxical [7pArE5dCksikEl] adj. 似非而可能是的；荒谬的；自相矛盾的
paradoxically adv.
undertake [7QndE5teik] vt. to take upon oneself; decide or agree to do承担, 担任eg. undertake a task 开始进行一项任务 undertake a post 担任一个职位 undertake experiment and calculations 从事实验和计算 The lawyer undertook the case without a fee. 这律师免费承办那个案件。
tempt [tempt] vt. to try to get (someone) to do wrong, especially by a promise of reward勾引，引诱，怂恿（某人做坏事）never to be tempted off the straight path 决不被引入歧途I am tempted to question this. 我很想问问这件事。Can't I tempt you to have another helping? 再吃一点好吗?
representative [7repri5zentEtiv] n.代表
devil [5devl] n. 魔鬼, 恶棍
figure 事物，轮廓, 身份
saints 圣人, 道德崇高的人, 圣徒
take the form of ---- 采取…的形式；表现为…的形式eg. take the form of armed struggle采取武装斗争的形式This disease takes the form of high fever and sickness for several days. 这种病表现为持续数天的高热和呕吐。The training took the form of (ie. consisted of) seminars and lectures. 这种培训是以讨论与讲课的形式进行的。
descent [di5sent] n. (1) the act or an instance of coming or going down降下，降落 eg. The descent of the mountain took nearly two hours. 下山差不多花了两个小时。The plane began its descent into Paris. 飞机到巴黎开始降落。(2) hereditary derivation; lineage; origins; anscentry出身，血统，祖籍，遗传，世系 eg. Many Americans are of English descent. 许多美国人的祖籍是英国。be of good descent 出身好descent of man 人类由来 (3) a sudden visit or attack; an onslaught侵袭eg. make a descent upon 侵入, 袭击
descend [di5send] v. (1) to move from a higher to a lower place; come or go down下来，下降，下去eg. o descend the steps 下阶梯 in descending order of importance 依轻重顺序 (2) to come from an ancestor or a source 遗传下来，传下来；来自；来源于；起源于eg. She was descended from a pioneer family. 她来自一个早期的开拓者家庭。a tradition descending from colonial days 从殖民地时代流传下来的传统 (3) to pass by inheritance 继承，遗传(指财产,气质,权利) eg. The house has descended through four generations. 这座房子已经传了四代。 （4）（常与on, upon连用）to arrive or attack in a sudden or an overwhelming manner 蜂拥而至；突袭eg. Summer tourists descend on the seashore village. 夏季旅游者涌入这座海滨小镇。The bandits descended on the defenseless village. 匪徒突袭无防御的村庄。
underworld [5QndEwE:ld] n. 〈希神〉the world of the dead, located below the world of the living冥府，阴间；死者的世界；地狱
exploration [7eksplC:5reiFEn] n. The act or an instance of exploring 探险, 踏勘, 探测，探究eg. Arctic exploration北极探险 exploration of new theories 新理论的探索
recess [ri5ses] n. (1) a remote, secret, or secluded place幽深处eg. deep in the recesses of the forest在森林深处 the recesses of his thoughts 他的思想深处in the innermost/secret recesses of the heart在内心深处 (2) a temporary cessation of the customary activities of an engagement, occupation, or pursuit休息；休假；休会eg. take an hour's recess休息一小时the noon recess午休go into recess休会
Odysseus 【希神】奥德修斯(荷马史诗《奥德赛》中的主人公; 曾指挥特洛伊战争, 献木马计, 使希腊获胜)
Tiresias [希神]提瑞西阿斯(古希腊城邦 Thebes 的一位盲人先知)
explicit [iks5plisit] adj. fully and clearly expressed or defined; leaving nothing implied 明确的；清楚的；直率的，坦白的eg. explicit directions 明确的指示 generalizations that are powerful, precise, and explicit 有力、准确而又清楚的概括They were explicit in their criticism. 他们直截了当地表达了他们的批评。Opposite: implicit [im5plisit] adj. 暗示的；含蓄的
comrade in arms ---- fellow soldier战友
suitor [5sju:tE] n. a person who sues in court; a man who is courting a woman; a person who makes a petition or request 起诉者, 求婚者, 请愿者
envision [in5viVEn] vt. to picture in the mind; imagine 想象, 预想
glory [5^lC:ri] n. (1) majestic beauty and splendor 壮观；壮丽，美丽；光辉eg. the glory of a sunset 落日的光辉 The sun set in a blaze of glory. 夕阳在壮丽的余辉中西沉。That tree is the glory of the garden. 那棵树是这个花园里最壮观的。(2) great honor, praise, or distinction accorded by common consent; renown荣誉, 光荣eg. Win glory for our motherland! 为祖国争光!
hardship [5hB:d7Fip] n. extreme privation; suffering 困苦, 艰难, 辛苦eg. economic hardship 经济困难 bear hardship without complaint 任劳任怨 undergo [go through] all kinds of hardships 备尝辛酸
colonization [7kClEnai5zeiFEn] n. the act or process of establishing a colony or colonies殖民地化, 殖民；拓殖eg. double colonization 两度定居colonization by Great Britain of North America, Australia and South Africa英国在北美、澳大利亚和南非的拓殖
quest [kwest] n. the act or an instance of seeking or pursuing something; a search 寻求eg. a quest for hidden treasure 寻找隐藏的珍宝 in quest of adventure 寻求冒险活动
vi. to search 搜寻；寻求eg. quest for improvement 寻求改进 The dogs were quest ing for rabbits. 猎狗正在搜寻兔子。
quester n. 探求者,追求者
maturity [mE5tjuEriti] n. the state or quality of being fully grown or developed; the time at which a note or bond is due 成熟；完备；（贷款、债券、票据等的）到期eg. come to maturity 成熟 on bring a plan to maturity 使计划趋于完备 This job calls for a man with a great deal of maturity. 这项工作要求一个富有经验的人来干。
deed [di:d] n. action or performance in general; something that is carried out; a usually praiseworthy act; a feat 行为, 事实, 功绩eg. evil deeds 坏行为 deed of light 善行；光明之事His deeds does not agree with his words 他言行不一。Deeds, not words, matter most. 行动，而不是言辞，至关重要。
Hercules 【希、罗神】赫尔克里斯, 大力神(主神宙斯之子, 力大无比的英雄)
Achilles 【希腊神话】阿喀琉斯：荷马史诗伊利亚特
中的英雄，是珀琉斯和西蒂斯之子，杀害赫克托耳的人
Theseus 【希神】提修斯(雅典王子, 尤以杀死 Minotaur 著名)
external [eks5tE:nl] adj. relating to, existing on, or connected with the outside or an outer part; exterior; existing independently of the mind外部的, 客观的 eg. external force 外力 the external walls of a house 一座房屋的外墙 the external world 客观世界 External causes become operative through internal causes. 外因通过内因而起作用。This medicine is for external use only, not for drinking. 此药只供外用,不可内服。
internal [in5tE:nl] adj. of, relating to, or located within the limits or surface; inner; residing in or dependent on essential nature; intrinsic内部的；内在的eg. internal bleeding 内出血 the internal relations of things 事物的内部联系 internal peace 内心的平静
previous [5pri:vjEs] adj. （常与to连用）existing or occurring before something else in time or order; prior 在前的, 早先的eg. a day previous to Christmas 圣诞节的前一天 He has had no previous experience of this kind of job. 他从前没有做这种工作的经验。
foe [fEu] n. an adversary; an opponent; an enemy 反对者, 敌人eg. a foe of tax reform 税制改革的反对者They steadily pursued their foes before them.他们不停地追击敌人。
scapegoat [5skeip^Eut] n. one that is made to bear the blame of others
替罪羊，代人受过者eg. be made the scapegoat for使成为替…承担罪过的人I was made the scapegoat, but it was the others who started the fire.是别人放的火，却让我背了黑锅。
vicarious [vai5kZEriEs] adj. endured or done by one person substituting for another替代的eg. vicarious punishment 代别人受的惩罚
vicariously adv. 代理地, 担任代理者地
dismember [dis5membE] v. to cut, tear, or pull off the limbs of; to divide into pieces肢解，分割（领土）；瓜分（国家）An unknown man's dismembered body was found by the police in the suburb woods. 警察在郊区的小森林里发现了一个不知名的男人的碎尸。dismember a country 瓜分一个国家
castrate [kAs5treit] vt. 阉割eg. An ox is a castrated bull. 阉牛是经过阉割的公牛。
penetrate [5penitreit] vt. (1) to grasp the inner significance of; understand; to see through 看穿, 洞察eg. penetrate the phenomena of things to study their essence 透过事物现象研究其本质 penetrate the mystery of 揭示...的秘密 (2) to enter or force a way into; pierce穿透, 渗透The knife penetrated her finger and made it bleed. 小刀扎破了她的手指，出血了。The arrow penetrated through the target just in the centre. 箭正好射穿了靶子的中心。The rain penetrated through to his skin. 雨把他淋得浑身湿透了。
renewed [rI`njU:d] adj. 更新的, 重建的, 复兴的
fertility [fE:5tiliti] n. (1) 能育性；繁殖力 fertility drug (催女性排卵以医治不孕症的)受胎药 (2) the condition, quality, or degree of being fertile 肥沃；丰富；多产eg. the fertility of the soil土地的肥沃great fertility of mind丰富的智慧
inseparable [in5sepErEbl] adj. impossible to separate or part; very closely associated不能分离的；不能分开的eg. The two girls are inseparable friends. 这两个女孩是不能分离的朋友。inseparable companions 形影不离的伙伴
resurrection [7rezE5rekFEn] n. the act of rising from the dead or returning to life; The act of bringing back to practice, notice, or use; revival 复苏；复活；重新流行；复兴eg. the resurrection of hope 希望的复萌
triumph [5traiEmf] vi. （常与over连用）to be victorious or successful; win战胜；获胜eg. Our team triumphed over theirs. 我们这队胜了他们那队。
n. the fact of being victorious; victory or conquest胜利；成功；凯旋eg. It was a great triumph when our team won the race. 我们队赛跑赢了，这是一个很大的成功。the triumph of right over might 正义对强权的胜利
far-reaching [5fB: 5ri:tFiN] adj. having a wide range, influence, or effect远大的，深远的，广泛的eg. far-reaching plans for curriculum development课程发展的长远计划the far-reaching questions of a nuclear physicist核物理学家的影响深远的问题
bring about ---- cause to happen使发生, 致使eg. They wish to bring about changes in the electoral system.他们想要改变选举制度。
uniqueness [ju:5ni:knis]唯一性,单值性,独特性
manifest [5mAnifest] adj. Clearly apparent to the sight or understanding; obvious 显然的, 明白的eg. be manifest at a glance 一目了然 He is a manifest liar. 他显然是个说谎的人。
vt. to show or demonstrate plainly; reveal; to be evidence of; prove 表明；证明 He doesn't manifest much interest in his his studies. 他表现出对学业没多大兴趣。
transcend [trAn5send] vt. to pass beyond the limits of; to be greater than, as in intensity or power; surpass 超越；胜过 emotions that transcend understanding 无法理解的情感 transcend description 没法形容
goddess 女神
atonement [E5tEunmEnt] n. amends or reparation made for an injury or wrong 赎罪；赔偿；补偿；弥补eg. make atonement for a fault 弥补过失 He sent her some flowers in atonement for his earlier rudeness. 他因自己先前的粗鲁而向她献花赔罪。
apotheosis [E7pCWi5Eusis] n. exaltation to divine rank or stature; deification; an exalted or glorified example 神化；颂扬，崇拜；典范eg. Their leader was the apotheosis of courage. 他们的领导人是勇敢的典范。
trial [5traiEl] n. (1) the act or process of testing, trying, or putting to the proof考验；试验；试用eg. The trial flight has made the grade. 试飞成功。a trial of one's faith 验证某人的信念 (2) an effort or attempt尝试；试图eg. The trial pilot is heading triumphantly for home. 那个试飞飞行员正向基地胜利返航。
drive [draIv] n. a strong organized effort to accomplish a purpose; energy, push, or aggressiveness 推进力, 驱使, 动力, 干劲eg. young men with brains, drive and initiative有头脑、干劲和首创精神的青年a man with great drive进取心强的人，干劲大的人
longing [5lCNiN] n. a strong persistent yearning or desire, especially one that cannot be fulfilled 渴望，热望eg. longing for home 思乡 Mother's longing for her son to come home. 母亲非常盼望儿子回家。
crucial [5kru:FiEl, 5kru:FEl] adj. extremely significant or important; decisive至关紧要的；有决定性的eg. a crucial problem 非常重要的问题 at the crucial moment 在关键时刻, 重要关头 a crucial decision 极重要的决定a crucial election 决定性选举
harmony [5hB:mEni] n. (1) agreement in feeling or opinion; accord和睦；和谐；融洽；协调；一致；调和eg. My cat and dog live in perfect harmony. 我的猫和狗相处得十分和睦。In a beautiful picture there is harmony between the different colors. 美丽的画面中, 不同色彩相协调。They worked in perfect harmony. 他们合作无间。
primordial [prai5mC:djEl] adj. (1) being or happening first in sequence of time; original最初的；初发的；原始的eg. primordial matter 原生物质(2) primary or fundamental 基本的或主要的eg. play a primordial role 担任主要角色 Life's primordial reality is spirit. 生命的根本真实性是精神。