我的成功之路

（1）如此之多的有才干的人在他们的一生中会有这样和那样的失误，对此我有些不可思议。人们往往完不成自己原先要做的事，即便做成了些什么事，也是昙花一现。就成功与失败而言，运气是至关重要的。但我个人认为：要获成功，没有秘诀。人们失败主要是由于自己的失误。如果你干了很长时间一直没有失误，别人就会开始称你为天才。但是，促使我写这本书的原因是为了证明：成功主要是人们的良好判断能力在起作用，而天赋是其次的。

（2）41年前，我从中国来到这个国家。从那以后，美国和美国的企业历经数次变革，包括二战后美国作为高科技的世界领袖的出现。这一时期，我也发挥了一些作用。40年代末，作为哈佛大学计算实验室的研究员，我促成了磁芯记忆体的开发，这对现代计算机的研发至关重要。之后我成了一名企业家，致力于寻求数字电子革新成果的应用和市场化。

（3）从我建立王安实验室以来的35年中，公司已经从单人作坊发展成为有3万雇员的、有几乎30亿资产的跨国公司。公司的产品也由原来的供政府、实验室和企业专用的数字设备变为办公室用的计算机设备，王安公司使办公室的每一个角落都能感受到计算机的强大能力。在这些变革中，公司一直以每年42％的综合平均速度发展。　

（4)这么多年来，金融界已经对这种发展速度不以为然。公司常被选作为长期规划的典范。然而，正如业界任何人士所知的那样，无论是从长期、中期或短期来看，收益的增长绝非是想当然的事。随着市场的变化和公司的发展，公司必须顺应外界的变化。尽管从宏观来看公司的发展是顺利的，但实际上为了适应外界变化而必须作出的变革并非总是一帆风顺的。

(5.)当初成立公司时，我没指望它会发展到今天的规模，也看不到35年后的情况，没预见到计算机时代的出现。我知道要预测遥远的将来是愚勇之举。发展不是沿直线进行的，未来也并非是现状的简单延伸。确切地说，未来具有其革命性（这也就是为何我们提及计算机革命）。这有悖于多数人所接受的意见。这意见往往掩盖或忽视了揭示未来的线索。40年代后期，当我研究磁芯记忆体时，为多数人所接受的意见是几台大型计算机就可能满足所有想象中的对计算机的使用需求。尽管目前看来这种看法是可笑和短识的，但它确实反映了象计算机创始人Howard Aiken这样一些杰出人士的观点，他们观测了社会和经济，得出了自己认为是明智的结论。

(6) 尽管计算机革命产生了一个巨大的产业，但是使其商业化的先导者并没有分享到成功的果实。在这一革命的任何时刻，未来总是在不确定之中。许多先辈竟然发现，技术才能并不一定转换为对市场、社会以及它们变化方式的理解。技术不是与社会分离的，它们不断地互相影响。

(7)如果说未来是处于变革之中，我发现一家公司长期生存的关键在于其具有适应能力。人们可以察觉到变化的存在，即使并不知道这种变化会最终会向何处发展。这并不意味预测到几十年后的未来，而是清醒地看到现状，并且预测到人类三、五年后的需求。

（8）因为在技术方面我一直受到社会需求的压力，所以我能适应外界。在技术上，这意味着提供解决方法，而不是提供计算机。就像汽车销售商不要求买主学习汽车工程一样，计算机公司也不应该要求其顾客学习计算机知识。多数人不愿意学习计算机科学，就像上下班驾车族不想学习内燃机知识一样。另一方面，如果机器使得他们的工作效率提高而不是令人讨厌或繁重，他们自然就会对工作有兴趣，也就不会真正地去计较机器到底是否该称为计算机。

(9)在公司发展的不同阶段，我们都作了很好的定位。当出现机遇时，就能发现并很好地利用机遇。在一定的程度上，这是运气好的原因。但这也是由于在每一个发展阶段我正确地作出了有关技术、产品、管理和财务方面的决策。由于除了在工程方面外，我在这些领域的任何方面均未受过正规的训练，在企业发展的过程中，我得学会去应对每一个挑战。

（10）我的管理方法其实相当简单。在王安实验室发展的每一个阶段，我都要获得对下一个发展阶段如何进行管理的必要知识。要超越阶段发展，或是从事没有准备的项目，就会惹祸。我从来没有期望王安公司每年的发展速度超过50％，因为任何时候我都认为我只能学会管理一个比我正在管理的规模大50％的企业。有了面对小挑战的经验，我就可以有较好的准备，更有信心地应对下一阶段的稍大一些的挑战。

(11) 今天，我可以很惬意地回忆过去和分析我成功背后的一切。我发现的一件事是：在来到美国之前很久，我在中国获得的思想方法和价值观对我管理企业有很大的影响。这些价值观与儒教的一些思想有很多相似处。儒教是一种强调行为适度和节制的中国的思想体系。不过，尽管我尊重儒教精神，我并没有设法使这一古老的中国哲学适应现代的美国。我完全不想去创建一个思想体系。

(12) 在我的决策过程背后有一些内在的属性或优点，我认为它们对成功与否会发挥作用。也许其中最为重要的是简朴。我不喜欢错综复杂的争论或解释。无论一个技术或科学问题有多复杂，它通常可以化解为一种简单、易懂的形式。在我自己的专业电子学中，最简单的解决方法往往是最佳的解决方法。

(13）同样地，尽管一个企业家所面临的问题可能是看起来难以置信的复杂并包含许多变量，但是通常经过深思熟虑，它会被化解为较简单的形式，其关键的变量会显现出来。1971年，当我决定从计算器生产中撤出，我周围的每个人都关注着市场份额、保持竞争地位、收益源流等这些问题。我却把重点放在半导体集成电路价格下跌的战略含义上。很简单，我看出计算器正在变成这样一种意义上的商品：人们可以根据价格而不是根据性能，在不同的品牌中选购。我感到，在商品市场的竞争中我们并非是定位最佳的公司。我的决策虽然不易为人理解，但是一旦看透杂乱的外表，这一决策是简单明了的。

(14) 除了简朴，其它我发现对成功至关重要的因素是交流、适度、耐性、适应性、果断、自信、非常规思维、社会责任感，最后（但并非是最不重要的）还有运气。有关这些因素的重要性在于他们的互相作用。它们中有些是互为对立的，例如耐性与果断有抵触。然而很难想象在我的任何决策过程中，它们会不发挥作用。

（15）如果说这些因素相互作用产生了一种概念，这就是平衡的概念 — 很象是儒家的思想。平衡其实只不过是一种定位，它告诉你在一特定的境遇中你的位置所在。当你因迷失方向、不知所措而处于压力之下时，它可以有助于你摆脱压力。它可以对果断进行调和，这样就不会导致于独裁。它可以调和自信，这样有用的长处就不会变成危险的东西。

（16）也许对一个敢作敢为的人来说，最困难的事要算学会为了未来的利益而控制自己的冲动。1951年我没有成立计算机公司。这样的企业费用太高，办公司是不实际的想法。直到近20年后，王安公司发展到足够的规模，设计和制造计算机才是顺理成章的事。这时我们有了资源、销售技巧和稳定的状态，可以开始从事这样规模的生产了。

（17）如今，高科技市场是激烈竞争的领域，我和一些离开了大公司和学术界之后自己创业的企业家发现，为了开办一家能在国内外竞争巨人中生存下去的的公司，仅有好的思想或好的产品是不够的。这也产生了某种逆反应心理，人们再一次开始提出这样的论点：没有销售、管理、财务的知识以及技术能力，独自一人的外行是不可能成功的。

（18）我们不赞成以上的观点。肯定地说，与我以一个来到这个国家的新移民身份办公司之时相比，今天的形势提出的挑战要小。对那些认识到变革的重要性的人（无论他们是在公司内部或外部），变革本身为他们提供了机遇。要成功，人们不必要成为专家，不必要来自特定的阶层、种族或政党。我发现，具有一些常识、接受过一些训练，在一个起初对我来说是陌生的国家里，我可以进行竞争并获得成功。我还发现，我可以做到这一点，而不必在每一天的工作中丢弃我的价值观。发展过程中，我肯定会犯些错误，但即便如此，我可以把后果的严重性减到最小，并变消极为积极，从中获得教训。

（19）我向本书读者提出这样的观点，要成功地应对挑战，创办和培育一个企业，哪怕是在象高科技一样深奥莫测的领域，不存在不可思议的魔力。没有先知先觉能力的人可以成功。不拥有工商管理硕士学位，或不甘受工商管理硕士们的摆布，或不屈从于那种时常在美国工商业董事会会议上受到重视的管理风格，人们照样可以成功。我也相信，我所叙述的企业管理的方法会有益于所有行业的人。因而我希望不要把我的文章作为我成功的流水帐来阅读，而应将其作为一个如何决策和承担风险的案例研究来阅读。时过境迁，自从我创业以来社会和工商业已经变化，并且还会继续变化下去。但是对那些努力抓住机遇的人来说，机遇是永远存在的。

language notes
1. derail [di5reil] v. to run or cause to run off the rails出轨, 脱轨跑出轨道或使脱离轨道;To come or bring to a sudden halt（引起）突然停顿 eg. Many talented people derail themselves from a successful track because they fail to master the art of communicating assertively. 由于没能掌握充满自信的交流技巧，许多有才干的人无法继续成功之路。

2．set out --- to begin with a definite purpose开始，出发 eg. FOSS has set out to achieve three important goals. Foss已开始去实现3个重要的目标。

3．meteoric [7mi:ti5Crik]of, relating to, or formed by a meteoroid; Similar to a meteor in speed, brilliance, or brevity:流星的, 疾速的, 大气的, 辉煌而短暂的 / trigger[5tri^E]To set off; initiate引发，触发 / precipitous[pri5sipitEs] Extremely rapid, hasty, or abrupt急促或突然的,急转直下的　

4. for the most part --- mainly, in general, on the whole主要地,一般地 In the sentence, “for the most part” is used to modify the “because…” clause.　

5. they shoot themselves in the foot --- they commit serious mistakes eg. It's always frustrating to watch how they shoot themselves in the foot with their own stupidity. 看到他们如何愚蠢地犯错真使人失望。 eg. I am often asked why producers will waste time working on accounts they know they'll never get-- why they "shoot themselves in the foot" so many times. 常有人问我，为什么制造商要浪费时间去干他们自己也知道决不能获益的事，为什么他们如此多次犯错。

6. compel [kEm5pel] to force, drive, or constrain 强迫, 迫使 eg. Duty compelled the soldiers to volunteer for the mission.责任驱使军人必须志愿加入此任务.　

7.success is more a function of consistent common sense than of genius — This expression means that common sense plays a more important role in a person’s success than genius does. 　

8. since adv. from then until now or between then and now:从那时到现在; 那时和现在之间： eg. They left town and haven't been here since. 他们离开了镇子，从那以后再也没有来过这儿。

10. market v. to sell.出售，销售：. They market the products to a variety of customers who supply the products to hospitals, pharmacies and polyclinics. 他们把产品销售给客户，客户再将它们提供给医院、药方和诊所。

11．three-billion multinational company--- One billion equals 1000 million. eg. China has a population of 1.3 billion people. / multinational: having operations, subsidiaries, or investments in more than two countries多国的, 在两个以上国家有运营、附属机构或投资的: a multinational corporation跨国公司

12. compound [kEm5paJnd] vt., vi.: put together (parts) so as to form a whole 使合成；把…配成eg. Financial assets are growing at a compounded rate of more than 10%, Hong Kong 14%, Singapore 16%, Taiwan 11%, Korea 10%, with Australia growing at 7.5%. 金融资产的整体增长率超过10％,香港是14%……

13．single out --- select or distinguish from a number or group挑选 eg. We find that we have singled out the wrong man.我们发现，我们选错了人。

14. exemplar [i^5zemplE]模范, 榜样, 标本 Synonyms同义词: model, example, exemplar, standard, pattern These nouns refer to someone or something worthy of imitation or duplication.
　A model is something to be imitated and often something deserving of imitation. model一词是指供人们模仿的并值得人们模仿的东西：Our fellow countryman is a model of a man.(Charles Dickens). “我们的同胞是人类的典范”（查尔斯·狄更斯）
　An example is a model that is likely to be imitated; the term often refers to something that serves rather as a deterrent or warning than as something to be emulated. example一词也是指为人们模仿的；它往往不是供人们学习的，而是作为反面例子起防止或警告作用的：Our Government is the potent, the omnipresent teacher. For good or for ill, it teaches the whole people by its example (Louis D. Brandeis). “我们的政府是一个有权势的、无处不在的老师。无论是好意还是恶意，它都给人们起着示范作用”（路易斯·D·布兰代斯）。
　An exemplar is a person or thing that serves as an ideal example by reason of being either very worthy or truly representative of a type, admirable or otherwise. exemplar一词则是指由于其极有价值或极有代表性、令人羡慕等原因而值得效仿的人或事物：He is indeed the perfect exemplar of all nobleness(Jane Porter). “他的确是所有贵族学习的最好榜样”（简·波特）
A standard is an established criterion or recognized level of excellence regarded as being proper, fitting, or right: standard一词是指已建立起来的标准或公认的称得上是正确、恰当或合适的标准.It wouldn't be quite fair to test him by our standards(William Dean Howells). “用我们的标准来衡量他是不公平的”（威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯）。
　 A pattern serves as a model, plan, or guide in the creation of something. pattern是指进行创作时遵循的样本、计划或向导.I will be the pattern of all patience” (Shakespeare). “我要成为耐心的榜样”（莎士比亚）

15．Adapt --- vt to make suitable to or fit for a specific use or situation使适合, 使合适或适应某种特定用法或状况 eg. He adapted himself to the cold weather.他适应了寒冷的天气。 / vi. To become adapted适应，顺应 eg. They discovered a new species that adapts well to winter climes. 他们发现了一个很适应冬天气候的新物种。Synonyms同义词：adapt, adjust, fit, suit, match The central meaning shared by these verbs is “to make suitable to or consistent with a particular situation or use” 这些词都含“适合” 、“适应”的意思。
adapt 指“修改或改变以适应新条件”, 如: You should adapt yourself to the new environment.你应该适应新环境。
adjust 指“调整”、“调节”使之适应, 如: You can't see through the telescope until it is adjusted to your eyes. 你把望远镜调节到适合你的目光之后, 你才看得见。
fit 多指“大小适合”, 引伸为“吻合”, 如: The shoes fit me well. 这鞋我穿正好。suit 多指“合乎要求、口味、性格、情况”, 如: No dish suits all tastes. 众口难调。
match 指“大小、色调、形状、性质等相配或相称”, 如: A red jacket doesn't match green trousers.红上衣与绿裤子不相配。

16. even if from a distance growth looks smooth and continuous “from a distance” means : from a point or an area that is far away(从远处). It is an adverbial, modifying “looks smooth and continuous” .

foresee [fC:5si:] To see or know beforehand预知，先见事先明白或知道 eg. foresaw the rapid increase in unemployment预知失业人数激增

unfold [Qn5fEuld] To open and spread out (something folded);to be revealed gradually to the understanding展开, 渐渐显露 eg.The solution to the problem unfolded as they spoke.当他们发言时，问题的解答就出现了。

era [5iErE] a period of time characterized by particular circumstances, events, or personages时代,以特殊环境、特殊事件或特殊人物为标志的一段时间 eg. the Colonial era of U.S. history; the Kennedy era美国历史上的殖民时期；肯尼迪时代

Period is the most general: a short waiting period等了一小会儿;one of the most difficult periods of her life她生命中最困难的时期

Epoch [5i:pCk, 5epCk] refers to a period regarded as being remarkable or memorable Epoch指值得记忆的或美好的时光 eg We enter on an epoch of constitutional retrogression (John R. Green). 我们进入了立宪的衰退阶段（约翰·R·格林）。

An era is a period of time notable because of new or different aspects or events Era常指因新或不同的方面或事件而值得注意的一段时间 eg. How many a man has dated a new era in his life from the reading of a book(Henry David Thoreau). 有多少人由于读一本书而开始一个新生活的历程（亨利·大卫·梭洛）。

An age is usually a period marked by a particular distinctive characteristic Age是以特别突出的特点为标志的时期 eg.the age of Newton 牛顿时代；the Iron Age铁器时代;These principles form the bright constellation which has . . . guided our steps through an age of revolution and reformation (Thomas Jefferson). 这些规定构成了灿烂星座…指引我们通过变革与革命时代的脚步（汤姆斯·杰斐逊）。

A term is a period of time to which limits have been set Term指有限定的一段时间eg. Senators are elected for a term of six years.参议员任期六年。

18.foolhardy [5fu:lhB:dI] unwisely bold or venturesome; rash,不明智的,鲁莽的或冒险的 eg. They were very foolhardy to jump off the bus while it was still moving."公共汽车还未停定他们就跳下了车,真是太莽撞了。"

19. projection [prE5dVekFEn]a thing or part that extends outward beyond a prevailing line or surface 向外延伸超出一条主线或主平面以外的事物或部份 eg. a projection of land along the coast 海岸伸到海洋里的部份 / other meanings of this word: 发射;预测；预示；计划;投影

20.rather ---on the contrary.相反地 eg. She was no better, but rather grew worse.她的病情不但没好转, 反而恶化了。

21.overturn [7EuvE5tE:n] 1）to cause to turn over or capsize; upset使翻过来;使…翻转过来或使（船等）倾覆；使…倾翻 eg. They overturned the boat.他们翻了船。2）overthrow推翻：They overturned the old government.他们推翻了旧政府。

24. shortsighted [FC:t5saItId, 5FC:t-] nearsighted; lacking foresight 近视的,缺乏远见的 eg. It's very shortsighted (of you) not to spend money on repairing your house. 不花些钱修理房屋，你太短识。

25. vantage point --- 1) a point of view, perspective 观点 eg. I quite agree that from your vantage point his action must have seemed unwise. 我很同意，以你的观点来看，他的行为肯定是不明智的。2) a good position from which to attack, defend, or see something有利位置,优越地位,优势 eg. Security police took up vantage points overlooking the route of the procession.秘密警察占了有利的位置以俯视游行队伍的路线。
--- vantage 优势, 有利情况

26. eminent [5eminEnt] outstanding, as in character or performance; distinguished 杰出的 eg. an eminent historian杰出的历史学家, Even the most eminent doctors could not cure him. 即使最杰出的医生也无法治愈他的疾病。

27. come to --- to reach a particular condition or to arrive at a specified viewpoint达到特定条件或特定观点 eg. I have come to view the issue in a different light. How did you come to know that?我对这个问题有不同的见解。你怎么知道的这件事?

28. given --- specified; fixed指定的；确定的 eg. We will meet at a given time and location.我们将在指定的时间和地点见面。

29. shroud [Fraud] to shelter; protect掩盖；保护 eg. The whole affair was shrouded in mystery. 整个事件被神秘的气氛笼罩。

30. uncertainty [Qn5sE:tnti] n. the condition of being uncertain; doubt不确定不确定的状态；怀疑 eg. I regarded my decision with growing uncertainty. 我对自己的决定越来越怀疑。

31. humble [5hQmbl] --- to cause (someone or oneself) to lose pride or position令人羞辱的 eg. to humble one's enemy 挫敌人锐气; humble oneself 自卑，低声下气; a humbling experience令人羞辱的经历

32. wizardry [5wizEdri] n. 1 wonderful ability 绝技,职业上的极大技巧或熟练度 eg. a pianist gifted with technical wizardry有专业技巧的天才钢琴家 2.the performing of magic 魔术,魔法,妖术

33. the way both change --- it means: the way in which markets and society change (市场和社会变化的方式)

34. given ( prep) --- if one takes into account 如果考虑到 eg. Given their inexperience, they've done a good job.考虑到他们没有经验，可以说他们已把工作做得很好。 Given that they're inexperienced, they've done a good job.（意思与上句相同）

35. adaptability [EdAptE5biliti] 适应性 eg. The adaptability of youth to new surroundings is one of their good qualities.
年轻人适应新环境的能力是他们的一种优点。

36. ultimately [5QltImEtlI] adv. at last; in the end; eventually最后,最终,终于 eg. We hope ultimately to be able to buy a house of our own.我们希望最终能够自己买一所房子。

37. looking decades into the future --- "decades" is used as an adverbial. decades在这里作状语用，修饰look into; look into= investigate

38. dealer --- one that is engaged in buying and selling商人,从事买卖的人

39. automotive [C:tE5mEutiv] 汽车的, 自动推进的 eg. the automotive industry 汽车制造业

40. any more than 较...多些 eg. That method didn't work any more than surgery does.那方法并不必外科手术有效。

41. commuter [kE5mju:tE] a person who commutes to work every day通勤者: a crowded commuter train
--- commute v. to travel regularly a long distance between one's home and work, esp. by train or car通勤 eg. commute between home and office 上下班来往通勤

42. combustion [kEm5bQstFEn] the process of burning燃烧 eg. internal combustion engine 内燃机

43. chore [tFC:] 1）an unpleasant or burdensome task令人讨厌的或繁重的工作 eg. It's such a chore filling in tax forms. 填写纳税申报表格真是件令人讨厌的事。2）a routine or minor duty日常工作,例行的或不重要的责任 3)daily or routine domestic tasks家庭杂务,家庭中日常的或例行的事务

44. take advantage of --- 1） to make use of; profit from利用 eg. You should take advantage of the fine weather to paint the fence.你该利用好的天气油漆栅栏。 2）to make unfair use of (someone or someone's qualities)利用别人的弱点占便宜 eg. She took advantage of his good nature. 她利用了他的善良。

45. with the exception of except --- apart from除...以外 eg. With the exception of John, everyone passed the exam.除了约翰，大家都通过了考试。

46. court [kC:t]--- to risk (something bad), often foolishly or thoughtlessly招致,招惹 eg. to court danger招致危险; to court defeat招致失败;to court disaster惹祸

47. luxury [5lQkFEri] n. a condition of great comfort provided without any consideration of the cost奢侈, 华贵 eg. They led a life of luxury.他们过着奢侈的生活。They live in luxury in a very big house.他们在一所很大的房子里过着奢侈的生活。

48. bearing [5bZEriN] connection with or influence on something关系，影响: eg. What you have said has no bearing on the subject.你所说的与主题无关。Confucianism has had a great bearing on character and morals.儒家思想对他的品格有很大的影响。

49. in common --- shared with someone else共有 eg. John and I have nothing in common. (=no shared interests, qualities, etc.)约翰与我没有共同之处。In common with most young people he hates getting up in the morning. 与大多数年轻相同，他喜欢早上赖在床上。

50. virtue [5vE:tju:] --- a good quality of character or behavior美德 eg. Among her many virtues are loyalty, courage, and truthfulness.忠诚、勇敢和坦率是她许多美德中的一部分。

52. moderation [7mCdE5reiFEn] mildness; the ability to keep one's feelings, desires, and habits within reasonable limits; self-control 温和，节制；克制力 He showed great moderation in not responding angrily to the attacks on his character. 他对人们对他人格的攻击,作了十分温和的回答,从而表现出极大的节制。

53. adapt ... to ... --- to make suitable to or fit for a specific use or situation使适合,使适应 eg. He adapted himself to the cold weather.他适应了寒冷的天气。

54. attribute [5Atribju(:)t] a quality or characteristic inherent in or ascribed to someone or something 属性, 品质, 特征 eg. Kindness is one of his best attributes. 仁慈是他的最好的品质之一。

55. simplicity [sim5plisiti] the property, condition, or quality of being simple or uncombined 简单,简易, 简单的或非结合的特征、状况或性质 eg. She writes with a beautiful simplicity of style. 她用优美简洁的风格写作。

56.convoluted [5kCnvElju:tid] intricate; complicated复杂的,盘错的；错综复杂的 eg.convoluted legal language繁复的法律用语；convoluted reasoning错综复杂的推理; convoluted arguments 绕弯子的论证,难解的论点

57.intricate [5intrikit] having many complexly arranged elements; elaborate.
错综复杂的,具有许多排列复杂的成份的；复杂精细的 eg.an intricate story

58.comprehensible [7kCmpri5hensEbl] readily comprehended or understood;易懂的,易于理解或明白的 eg. You often find a writer's books more comprehensible if you know about his life.你如果了解作者的生平,就会感到他的作品更容易理解。

59.incredibly [in5kredEbl] in a way that is hard to believe难以置信地 eg. Incredibly, the smallest horse won the race! 不可思议，那匹最小的马赢了比赛！

60.variable [5vZEriEbl] n. something which can vary in quantity or size变数, 变量,可变物 eg. The time of the journey depends on a number of variables, such as the volume of traffic on the road.旅行所花费的时间取决于多方面的不定因数，例如路上的交通流量。

61. contemplate [5kCntempleit] v. to consider carefully and at length; meditate on or ponder 思忖仔细、长久地考虑；思忖或思考 eg. The young surgeon contemplated the difficult operation of kidney transplant.年青的外科医生为肾移植这一棘手的手术苦思冥想。
contemplation [7kCntem5pleiFEn] n. eg. She seemed lost in contemplation. 她似乎陷入了思考中。

62. resolve [ri5zClv] 1)to change or convert转变,化成,转变 eg. My resentment resolved itself into resignation.我化怨愤为顺从 2)to become separated or reduced to constituents分解,分离或减少到组合成分 eg. This mixture resolves into two substances.这混合物会分解成两种物质。3)to bring to a usually successful conclusion解决达到通常成功的结果 eg. resolve a conflict解决冲突 4)to make a firm decision about 做决定,作出关于…的坚定决定 eg. She resolved on making an early start.她决定早早出发。eg. He resolved to work harder / that he would work harder.

63. be concerned with --- to be about与...有关，牵涉到 eg. This story is concerned with a Russian family in the 19th century. 该故事是有关19世纪的一个俄国家庭。
be concerned about/for --- be anxious about; worry about 挂…念的，担…心的 eg. I am very concerned about her.我非常挂念她。The children's mother was very concerned for their safety when they didn't come back from school at the usual time. 当孩子们没有在通常的时间从学校回来时，母亲十分担心。

64. revenue stream / stream of revenues 收益源流
revenue [5revEnju: ] income, esp the total annual income of the State from taxes, etc 收入 eg. The government was short of money because of falling oil revenues. 由于石油收入的减少，政府资金短缺。

65.plummet [5plQmit]v.to decline suddenly and steeply骤降，爆跌突然和大幅度地降低 eg. Stock prices plummeted.股票价格暴跌。

66. as semiconductor ... felt --- in this structure, "their presence" = "the presence (=appearance) of the plummeting prices". Literally, the structure means :"当半导体集成电路价格下跌被感觉到时”

67. commodity [kE5mRdItI] n. an article of trade or commerce, esp. a mineral or farm product 商品；农［矿］产品 eg. The country is heavily dependent on its exports of agricultural commodities.该国家严重依赖农产品的出口。

68. in the sense that --- 从...意义上来说 eg. Though the Big Bang suggests a colossal explosion, it wasn't really an "explosion"in the sense that we understand it. 尽管“Big Bang（宇宙大爆炸）"指巨大的爆炸，但并非真正是我们理解意义上的那种“爆炸”。 As we age our memory is vulnerable in the sense that we may have more difficulty remembering details of what's happened to us recently. 当我们变老时,我们记忆最近发生的事情的细节会有较大的困难，从这样的意义上来说我们的记忆力较弱。

69. clutter [5klQtE ] 1）n. a confused or disordered state 混乱或无序的状况 eg. Her room is always in a clutter. 他的房间总是乱糟糟的。2) v. to litter or pile in a disordered manner乱糟糟地堆满; 杂乱地布满或堆集 eg. Tools and boxes cluttered the garage. 工具和箱子杂乱地堆满车库。

70. adaptability[EdAptE5biliti] n. the quality of being able to change so as to be suitable for new needs or different conditions 适应性 eg.The adaptability of youth to new surroundings is one of their good qualities.年轻人适应新环境的能力是他们的一种优点。

71. decisive [dI5saIsIv] characterized by decision and firmness eg.决断的,具有果断坚决的特征的 eg You'll have to be more decisive if you want to do well in business. 如果要成功，你得更果断。

72. unconventional [5QnkEn5venFEnEl] a. not adhering to convention; out of the ordinary反传统的；不寻常的,非常规的

73. last but by no means least --- important(ly), although coming at the end 最后但并非是不重要的 eg. Last but by no means least, our thanks are due to the technicians working behind the scenes.最后，但并非是不重要的，我们要向幕后的技师致谢。

74. antithetical [7Anti5WetikEl] a. directly and completely opposed对立的,正相反的 eg. Those two ideas are absolutely antithetical (to each other). 那两种思想是完全对立的。

75. collide [kE5laid] v. to meet in opposition; conflict抵触；冲突 eg. The President collided with Congress over his budget plans.在预算上，总统与国会发生了冲突。

76. interplay [5intE(:)5plei] n. reciprocal action and reaction; interaction 相互作用, 相互的运动和反应 eg. They watched the interplay of the sparkling light on the water. 他们看着水面上闪烁的光线互相交织。

77. trait [treit] n. a distinguishing feature, as of a person's character特征显著的特点,如一个人的性格方面的 eg. Anne's generosity is one of her most pleasing traits. Anne的慷慨是她最惹人喜欢的优点。

78.Confucian [kEn5fju:F(E)n]a. of, relating to, or characteristic of Confucius, his teachings, or his followers孔子的,孔子及其儒教或其追随者的、与之有关的或有其特征的

79.orientation [7C(:)rien5teiFEn] 1) a position or direction方向,方位 eg. His answers show both his research orientation and his creativity.他的回答表明了他的研究方向和创制力。2）introductory instruction concerning a new situation介绍,针对新形势的介绍性指导 eg. orientation for incoming students向新同学进行的介绍

80.caught up in --- included in, often against one's wishes;involved in 被卷入或陷入某事中eg.The government got caught up in a bitter dispute between the miners and their employers.政府卷入了矿工和雇主的严重争端之中。

81.lose sight of --- to fail to consider/see; forget不再看见, 忽略, 忘记 eg.In the heat of the argument we mustn't lose sight of our main objective.在激烈的争论中，我们不能忽略主要的目标。

82.temper [5tempE]v.to modify by the addition of a moderating element; moderate调和，使温和 eg.to temper strong drink with water用水将烈酒冲淡

84.aggressive [E5^resiv] 1)a.assertive, bold, and enterprising积极的,过分自信的,大胆的和积极进取的 eg.an aggressive young executive一个进取心很强的年轻管理人员 / A successful businessman must be aggressive.成功的企业家肯定是积极进取的。2)inclined to behave in a hostile fashion侵犯的；挑衅的，倾向于敌对行为的 eg.This country's aggressive foreign policy was criticised by neighbors.该国侵略性的外交政策受到邻国的批评。

85. rein [rein] v. to restrain or control箍制或控制 eg.rein in one's temper按住火气 / rein in a horse 勒住马

86.instinct [5instiNkt] n.1）powerful motivation or impulse冲动,一种强烈的动机 eg.You have to learn to control your instincts.你得学会如何控制自己的冲动。3）natural ability or tendency to act in a certain way, without having to learn or think about it 本能，直觉 eg.Don't ask me; trust your instincts and do what you think is right.别问我，相信你的直觉,按你自已认为对的去做。

87.in the interest(/s) of --- to the advantage of; for the sake of 为了…的利益；为了…的缘故 eg. He gave up his share in the interests of fairness. (=in order to be fair) eg.为了公平，他放弃了自己的份额。

88.enterprise [5entEpraiz]n.1)a business organization 企业,商业机构 eg. This company is one of the largest enterprises of its kind. 该公司是同类企业中最大的之一。2)willingness to take risks and do things that are difficult, new, or daring 进取心; 冒险精神, 胆识 eg.I admire their enterprise in trying to start up a new business.我佩服他们在创建新企业中表现的胆识。

89.impractical[im5prAktikEl]a.unwise to implement or maintain in practice不切实际的；不现实的 eg. Refloating the sunken ship proved impractical because of the great expense.打捞沉船由于费用巨大而显得不切实际.

90.evolve [i5vClv] v.develop gradually by a long continuous process(使)发展,(使)进展,(使)进化 eg. Some people believe that we evolved from the apes.有人认为我们是由猿进化而来的。Language is constantly evolving.语言在不断地发展。

91.stability [stE5biliti]n.the quality or state of being stable稳定（性）eg.His constant absences threaten the stability of his marriage.他时常在外，影响到婚姻的稳定。

92.embark[im5bB:k]n.to set out on a venture; commence
着手，从事开始一项冒险活动；从事 eg. embark on a world tour 开始一次世界旅行 / The railways are about to embark on a major programme of modernization. 就要开始一项铁路现代化的重大规划。

93.undertaking [7QndE5teikiN]n.a task or an assignment undertaken; a venture任务；承担的任务；事业 eg. Starting a new business can be quite a risky undertaking.创办一个新的企业要担很大的风险。

94.high-tech = high technology 高科技 | scitech =science and technology 科学技术

95.competitive [kEm5petitiv]a. of, involving, or determined by competition 竞争的,属于、涉及、或取决于竞争的 eg. competitive games比赛 | I always shop at that supermarket; its prices are very competitive.我总是在那家超市购物，那里的价格相当有吸引力。| Because of the high exchange rate, our products have lost their competitive edge. (=their ability to compete successfully)由于高汇率的缘故，我们的产品失去了竞争优势。

96.arena [E5ri:nE] n. a place or scene where forces contend or events unfold竞争场所;力量抗争或事件表露的场所或场景 eg. The old regime withdrew from the political arena.旧政权从政治舞台上退出。| The world is like an arena of moral conflict.世界象一个道义冲突的竞争场所。

97. entrepreneur [7CntrEprE5nE:] n. a person who starts a company or arranges for a piece of work to be done, and takes business risks in the hope of making a profit 企业家

98. shelter [5FeltE] n. 1) a refuge; a haven 避难所；安全场所 eg. The mosque provided shelter for hundreds of families whose homes had been flooded.清真寺为数百个遭受洪灾的家庭提供了暂时栖息地。2) a building or roofed enclosure that gives cover or protection 掩体,遮蔽物 eg. He stood in the shelter at the bus stop.他站在公共汽车站的候车亭里。

99. academia [7AkE5di:mjE] n. the academic community; academe学术团体；学术界 eg. Professor James had been living in academia for too long to ever be successful in the business world. 詹姆士教授在学术界生活得太久了，他无法在商界成功。

100. set out --- to begin an earnest attempt; undertake着手,开始一个热切的计划

101. on one's own --- alone, without help独自地, 独立地 eg. How do you like living on your own?你觉得独自生活这么样？ I can't carry it on my own; it's too heavy. 我独自搬不动，太重了。

103. of sorts （of a sort） --- 1) of a poor kind差的 eg. They served coffee of a sort.他们供应的咖啡很差。It was a meal of sorts, but nobody enjoyed it.那勉强是一顿饭，谁都没吃好。2)of one kind or another 各种各样的，非此即彼的 eg. He knew many folktales of sorts. 他知道许多各种各样的民间故事。

104. expertise [7ekspE5ti:z] n. skill or knowledge in a particular area专门知识,专门领域的知识或技巧 eg. Customers will be impressed by the expertise of our highly trained employees.我们的雇员专业性强、训练有素，保证顾客满意。| We were amazed at his expertise on the ski slopes.他斜坡滑雪的技能使我们赞叹不已。

105. prowess [5praJIs] n. superior skill or ability高超的技艺和能力 eg. We had to admire his rowing prowess. 我们不能不佩服他那了不起的划桨本领。

106. amateur [5AmEtE(:), 5AmEtjuE] n. 1) one lacking the skill of a professional, as in an art外行,缺乏职业技术的人，如在一门艺术中 eg. I shouldn't employ them they're just a bunch of amateurs.我们不应该雇佣他们 Ÿ简直是一群外行。2) person who practises a sport or artisitic skill without receiving money for it业余爱好者　eg. The tournament is open to amateurs as well as professionals. 这次比赛不仅职业运动员可以参加，而且业余运动员也可以参加．

107. make it --- 1）to succeed 成功 eg. It's hard to make it to the top in show business.在演艺业，要达到成功的顶点很难。2）to arrive in time及时到达 eg I think we'll just make it! 我想我们能正好及时到达。

108. pose [pEuz] to put forward; present 提出；陈述The high cost of oil poses serious problems for industry.石油的高价格给工业带来了严重的问题。| Pollution poses a threat to the continued existence of this species.污染对这物种的继续生存构成了威胁。

109. establishment [is5tAbliFmEnt] n. a public or private institution, such as a hospital or school 一个公共或私人机构，如医院或学校 eg. The hotel is a well-run establishment. 这家旅馆办得很好。

110. ethnic [5eWnik] a. of a racial, national, or tribal group 种族的，民族的 eg. ethnic minorities少数民族 | ethnic communities种族社区

*note: ethic a set of principles of right conduct伦理，伦理观, 一套道德原则

111. discipline [5disiplin] n. 1）training, esp of the mind and character, aimed at producing self-control, obedience, etc. 训练，锻炼 eg. Strict discipline is imposed on army recruits.新兵受到严格的训练。2）result of such training; ordered behaviour, eg of schoolchildren,soldiers 纪律，风纪 eg. The soldiers showed perfect discipline under fire. 士兵在枪林弹雨中严守军纪。3）branch of knowledge, subject of instruction学科，教学科目eg. scientific discipline科学科目

112. alien [5eiljEn] a. 1）foreign, unfamiliar, strange 外国的，不熟悉的，陌生的 eg. an alien land外国 | an alien environment陌生的环境 2）alien to sth/sb --- contrary to sth; hateful to sb与某事物相反；使某人憎恨 eg.Such principles are alien to our religion.这些原则与我们的宗教信仰相抵触。

113. minimize [5mInImaIz] v. to reduce; to reduce to the smallest possible amout, extent, size, or degree减少;减少到最低限度 eg. To minimize the risk of burglary, install a good alarm system.安装可靠的报警设备以减低被盗的风险。 | He minimized the value of her contribution to his research so that he got all the praise.他极力贬低她在那项研究中的贡献，从而独获全部褒奖。
compare: maximize [5mAksmaiz] v. 最大化

114. consequences [5kCnsikwEns] n. thing that is a result or an effect of sth else结果，后果，影响 eg. His investment had disastrous consequences: she lost everything she owned. 她的投资结果很惨,血本无归。

115. proposition [7prCpE5ziFEn] n. statement that expresses a judgement or an opinion; assertion观点，见解，主张饿 eg. The proposition is so clear that it needs no explanation.观点十分明确，无须解释。

116. nurture [5nE:tFE] v. to nourish; feed; educate; train给…营养物；喂养;培育，教育；训练 eg. She nurtured the child as if he had been her own.她把那孩子当作自己的来养育。

117. esoteric [7esEu5terik] a. likely to be understood by only those with a special knowledge or interest; mysterious; obscure只有内行才懂的；神秘的；难懂的 eg.Some words are really too esoteric for this dictionary.有些单词实在太生僻了,未收入本词典内。

118. prophetic [prE5fetik] a. predicting or containing a prediction预言的；预告的 eg. prophetic remarks带有预言性质的话 | Her early achievements were prophetic of her future greatness.她早期的成就预示了她日后卓尔不群。

119. prosper [5prCspE] v. be successful; thrive成功，兴旺 eg. The newly developed satellite town is prospering with each passing day.这座新发展起来的卫星城蒸蒸日上。

120. bully [5buli] v. frighten or hurt (a weaken person)恐吓，欺负，伤害（弱者）eg. He was bullied by the older boys at school.他在学校里受到了大孩子的欺负。| The manager tried to bully his men into working harder by threatening them with dismissal. 经理企图以解雇相威胁，迫使职工更卖力气。

121. succumb [sE5kQm] v. to submit to an overpowering force or yield to an overwhelming desire; give up or give in 屈从，服从向强大力量;屈服或向强烈欲望屈服；放弃 eg. The city succumbed after only a short siege.该城受围困仅很短时间就不再抵抗了。

122. fad [fAd] n. fashion, interest, preference, enthusiasm, etc that is not likely to last流行的时尚、爱好、狂热等 eg. Small cars are the latest fad among consumers.小型汽车是用户中最新的时尚。

123. periodically [9pIErI`CdIkLlI] ad. at (esp regular) intervals 定期地,周期性地 eg. : She looked in on the baby periodically to check that it was all right. 她定期来看婴儿，检查他身体是否正常。

124. boardroom [5bC:dru:m] n. the room where the meetings of the board of directors of a company are held (公司董事会的）会议室 .

125. case study --- study of the development of a person or group of people over a period of time 个案研究（对一个人或一些人在一段时间的情况发展的研究）

126. landscape [5lAndskeip] n. an expanse of scenery that can be seen in a single view 风景 eg.Mountains dominate the Welsh landscape.重峦叠嶂构成威尔士的主要景色。
　

Chinese-born US engineer, founder of Wang Laboratories 1951, one of the world's largest computer companies in the 1970s. In 1948 he [1]invented the computer memory core, the most common device [2]used for storing computer data [3]before the invention of the integrated circuit (chip).

Wang [4]emigrated to the USA 1945. He developed his own company [5]with the $500,000 he received from IBM [6]from the sale of his patent. [7]One of his early contracts was the first electronic scoreboard, [8]installed at New York's Shea Stadium. His company took [9]off in 1964 with the introduction of a desktop calculator. [10]Later, Wang switched with great [11]success to the newly emerging market for word-processing systems [12]based on cheap silicon chips, [13]turning Wang Laboratories into a multibillion-dollar company. [14]But with the advent of the personal computer, the company fell [15]behind and had to seek protection [16]from its creditors. [17]It staged a comeback, doubling in size 1994–97 to [18]achieve annual revenues of $1.3 billion.